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<title>Forced-air</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Forced-air</span></span>

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<p>A <b>forced-air </b> <a href="Central_heating" title="Central heating">central heating</a> system is one which uses <a href="Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> as its <a href="Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> transfer medium. These systems rely on <a href="Duct_(HVAC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct (HVAC)">ductwork</a>, <a href="Diffuser_(thermodynamics)" title="Diffuser (thermodynamics)">vents</a>, and <a href="Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">plenums</a> as means of air distribution, separate from the actual heating and <a href="Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> systems. The return plenum carries the air from several large return grills (vents) to a central <a href="Air_handler" title="Air handler">air handler</a> for re-heating. The supply plenum directs air from the central unit to the rooms which the system is designed to heat. Regardless of type, all air handlers consist of an air filter, blower, heat exchanger/element/coil, and various controls. Like any other kind of central heating system, thermostats are used to control forced air heating systems.

</p><p>Forced air heating is the type of central heating most commonly installed in <a href="North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is much less common in <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, where <a href="Hydronics" title="Hydronics">hydronic heating</a> predominates, especially in the form of hot-water radiators.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_gas/propane/oil/coal/wood">Natural gas/propane/oil/coal/wood</h3></div>

<ul><li>Heat is produced via combustion of fuel.</li>

<li>A heat exchanger keeps the combustion byproducts from entering the air stream.</li>

<li>A ribbon style (long with holes), inshot (torch-like), or oil type burner is located in the heat exchanger.</li>

<li>Ignition is provided by an <a href="Electric_spark" title="Electric spark">electric spark</a>, standing pilot, or hot surface igniter.</li>

<li>Safety devices ensure that combustion gases and/or unburned fuel do not accumulate in the event of an ignition failure or venting failure.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric">Electric</h3></div>

<ul><li>A simple electric <a href="Heating_element" title="Heating element">heating element</a> warms the air.</li>

<li>When the thermostat calls for heat, blower and element come on at the same time.</li>

<li>When thermostat is "satisfied", blower and element shut off.</li>

<li>Requires very little maintenance.</li>

<li>Usually more expensive to operate than a natural gas furnace.</li></ul>

<ul><li>Extracts heat from the environment, using either the ground or air as the source, via the <a href="Refrigeration_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Refrigeration cycle">refrigeration cycle</a>.</li>

<li>Requires less energy than electric resistance heating and possibly more efficient than fossil fuel fired furnaces (gas/oil/coal).</li>

<li>Air source types may not be suitable for cold climates unless used with backup (secondary) source of heat. Newer models may still provide heat when coping with temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F).</li>

<li>A refrigerant coil is located in the air handler instead of a burner/heat exchanger. The system can also be used for cooling, just as any central air-conditioning system.</li>

<li>See <a href="Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pumps</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydronic_coil">Hydronic coil</h3></div>

<ul><li>Combines <a href="Hydronics" title="Hydronics">hydronic</a> (hot water) heating with a forced air delivery</li>

<li>Heat is produced via combustion of fuel (gas/propane/oil) in a boiler</li>

<li>A heat exchanger (hydronic coil) is placed in the air handler similar to the refrigerant coil in a Heat Pump system or a Central AC. <a href="Copper_in_heat_exchangers" title="Copper in heat exchangers">Copper is often specified</a> in supply and return manifolds and in tube coils.</li>

<li>Heated water is pumped through the heat exchanger then back to the boiler to be reheated</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sequence_of_operation">Sequence of operation</h4></div>

<ol><li>Thermostat calls for heat</li>

<li>Source of ignition is provided at the boiler</li>

<li>Circulator initiates water flow to the hydronic coil (heat exchanger)</li>

<li>Once the heat exchanger warms up, the main blower is activated</li>

<li>When call for heat ceases, the boiler and circulator turn off</li>

<li>Blower shuts off after period of time (depending on the particular equipment involved this may be a fixed or programmable amount of time)</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-balancing_mechanism">Self-balancing mechanism</h2></div>

<p>The basis of any CAV regulator is the self-balancing mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the design of this mechanism that determines the accuracy of maintaining the set flow rate, noise level, minimum regulator resistance, flow range and other parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are different designs of the self-balancing mechanism that largely determine the technical characteristics of CAV regulators:

</p>

<ul><li>Self-balancing mechanism based on a silicone adjustment diaphragm that changes its volume depending on the air pressure in the duct, thereby increasing or decreasing the air flow area.</li>

<li>Self-balancing mechanism with overlapping section. The self-balancing damper with spring automatically closes the remaining part of the cross-section depending on the duct pressures.</li>

<li>Self-balancing mechanism with connector for flow adjustment.</li></ul>

<p>Typically, the regulator damper is made of lightweight aluminum, and the self-balancing mechanism consists of plastic levers and transmission, a steel spring and silicone vibration dampers, which are necessary to prevent auto-oscillation.

</p>

<p>An alternative to a constant air volume system is a variable air volume (VAV) system.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variable air volume systems are generally more complex than their CAV counterparts because they must utilize temperature control and control the actual volume of air blown into each room.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although more difficult to design and implement, a VAV system is more energy efficient than a CAV system because the components of a variable airflow design operate only as needed.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2></div>

<p>Compared to water, air masses have a lower heat capacity. This means that they cool down faster, but they also raise the room temperature in a short time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low thermal inertia allows literally in a few minutes to heat different in volume buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, all the heat goes only to heat the rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems_with_air-heating_units">Systems with air-heating units</h3></div>

<p>Disadvantages: high noise level, disperse dust, each unit requires a supply of heat transfer fluid and electricity, have a high gradient of air temperature over height.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Advantages: does not require large cross-sectional ducts, has a long spray range

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_heating_systems_combined_with_supply_ventilation">Air heating systems combined with supply ventilation</h3></div>

<p>Disadvantages: require ducts with large cross-sections, it is necessary to reserve the supply unit and pump in the piping assembly, have a high gradient of air temperature over the height, have a small range of the jet.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Advantages: presentable from a design point of view (only the grilles are visible), inexpensive (considering the combination with the ventilation system).

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Copper_in_heat_exchangers" title="Copper in heat exchangers">Copper in heat exchangers</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAllenThallonSchreyer2017" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Edward; Thallon, Rob; Schreyer, Alexander C. (2017). <i>Fundamentals of Residential Construction</i> (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 410. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781118977996</bdi>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Heating%2C_ventilation%2C_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br>concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a> (ACH)</li>

<li><a href="Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li>

<li><a href="Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li>

<li><a href="Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li>

<li><a href="Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li>

<li><a href="Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li>

<li><a href="Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li>

<li><a href="Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li>

<li><a href="Particulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li>

<li><a href="Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li>

<li><a href="Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li>

<li><a href="Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li>

<li><a href="Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li>

<li><a href="Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li>

<li><a href="Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li>

<li><a href="Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li>

<li><a href="Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li>

<li><a href="Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li>

<li><a href="Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li>

<li><a href="Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li>

<li><a href="Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li>

<li><a href="Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li>

<li><a href="Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li>

<li><a href="Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li>

<li><a href="Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li>

<li><a href="Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li>

<li><a href="Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li>

<li><a href="Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li>

<li><a href="High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li>

<li><a href="High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li>

<li><a href="Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li>

<li><a href="Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li>

<li><a href="Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li>

<li><a href="Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li>

<li><a href="TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li>

<li><a href="Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li>

<li><a href="Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li>

<li><a href="Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br>and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li>

<li><a href="BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li>

<li><a href="Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li>

<li><a href="Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li>

<li><a href="HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li>

<li><a href="LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li>

<li><a href="Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li>

<li><a href="OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li>

<li><a href="Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br>trades,<br>and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li>

<li><a href="Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li>

<li><a href="Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical%2C_electrical%2C_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mold_growth%2C_assessment%2C_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Testing%2C_adjusting%2C_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br>organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li>

<li><a href="ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li>

<li><a href="BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors'_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li>

<li><a href="Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li>

<li><a href="Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li>

<li><a href="Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li>

<li>Template:Fire protection</li>

<li>Template:Home automation</li>

<li>Template:Solar energy</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2023-10-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Forced-air&oldid=1182103743">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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